Source: http://news.feedzilla.com/en_us/stories/politics/top-stories/286357441?client_source=feed&format=rss
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Friday, February 22, 2013
Custom iPad Cases for Teachers and Students Make a Splash in Schools
Custom iPad Cases for Teachers and Students Make a Splash in Schools ? (February 21, 2013) 
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Chicago, IL (PRWEB) February 21, 2013
Through a recent survey, iGearUnlimited.com asked customers for the features they look for in a perfect iPad case, and here are the top 6 answers:
- Protect the iPad from all angles front, back, all sides, and all corners
- Auto wake/sleep using Apples smart cover design
- Lightweight, thin profile, durable protection without adding bulk
- Full access to all ports, buttons, and controls
- Multiple viewing angles: completely flat on the table, slightly tilted for typing, and at least three vertical angles for movie watching
- Customizable design let users put their favorite images on the case for a completely customized experience
While some cases on the market offer some of these features, finding a customized iPad case generally means giving up front protection, since almost all customizable cases only are available as a one-piece clip-on style for the back of the iPad. Although a magnet-attached smart cover can be added, many users are thinking twice about this combination because of the horror stories of users grabbing onto the cover while the iPad itself does a free fall.
The new Custom iPad Case from iGearUnlimited.com delivers on all points. The case is engineered to great precision and the iPad fits snugly. The lightweight hard shell case is made with polycarbonate, one of most durable materials around, protecting the iPad from daily use and abuse. The iPad is completely enclosed from all sides, with precise cutouts for all ports and buttons. The Custom iPad Case comes with two sets of magnets one set to activate the iPads auto wake/sleep feature, and another to keep the case closed when not in use. Using three strategically positioned hinges, the iPad can be positioned at five different viewing angles, from completely flat to vertically tilted for use in any situation.
Most importantly, the customization feature on iGears iPad case allows schools to brand the iPad with a consistent image, and allows each student to personalize the front cover with their favorite image. Students can upload their own photo artwork to the ordering website, scale and crop the image, add text, and approve the design immediately online. The online design tool offers built-in Facebook integration and makes the process super-easy, even for novice users. The HTML5-based customization engine means it can be used on virtually all desktop and mobile devices, including the very iPad the case for which is being designed. The cases come in white for full color printing, or in black for laser engraving, and are available for both iPad 2/3/4 and iPad Mini.
iGearUnlimited offers awesome, customized cases, for you or as a great gift! says Siva Om, Contributing Editor of iPhoneLife Magazine. All in all I'm very happy with my folio case from iGear and the ordering process couldnt have been easier.
The iPad Custom Case and iPad Mini Custom Case are available from iGearUnlimited.com. Single units retail for $89.99 (iPad 2/3/4) and $79.99 (iPad Mini) each. Students can order with coupon code k1225off and get a 25% discount, while schools should contact iGearUnlimited.com directly to obtain discounted pricing for larger quantities.
About iGearUnlimited.com
iGearUnlimited.com is powered by Sunrise Digital, an Inc. 5000 company established in 1988 and employs the most advanced equipment and technology, such as G7-certified HP Indigo and UV flatbed presses, and digital die-cutting, to create best-in-class products. A privately-owned enterprise, the company is based in Chicago and sells products worldwide.
Read the full story at http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/2/prweb10439791.htm.
Page: 1
Related Keywords:computer crime, education, adult education, further education, religious education, plastic art, entertainment award, entertainment (general), arts (general), arts, culture and entertainment, crime, law and justice, law enforcement, international law, legal service, computing and information technology, satellite technology, wireless technology, science and technology, technology (general), identification technology, agricultural research and technology, restraint of trade, international (foreign) trade, trade dispute, trade agreements, trade policy, trade balance, economy, business and finance, financial and business service, business enterprises, business (general), lifestyle and leisure, lifestyle (house and home), market research, research and development, medical research, science and technology, applied science, material science, human science, natural science, philosophical science, research, science (general), animal science, micro science, , weather science, agricultural research and technology
Related Sites: Creative Mac , ? Hollywood Industry , ? DMN Newswire , ? CEN - Consumer Electronics Net , ? IBN - Business , ? VideoBasedTutorials
Related Newsletter: Tutorial Finder , ? Review Seeker , ? IBN - IT Weekly Newsletter
Source:PRWEB.COM Newswire. All Rights Reserved
Source: http://www.creativemac.com/articles/viewarticle.jsp?id=2441938
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Thursday, February 21, 2013
NXP's silicon fingerprinting promises to annoy the heck out of ID hackers
It's 2013 and white hat hackers like Adam Laurie are still breaking into ID chips that are supposed to be secure. How come? Partly it's the way of the world, because no man-made NFC or RFID security barrier can ever be truly impervious. But in practical terms, a chip's vulnerability often stems from the fact that it can be taken apart and probed at a hacker's leisure. The secure element doesn't necessarily need to have power running through it or to be in the midst of near-field communication in order to yield up its cryptographic key to a clever intruder who has sufficient time and sufficient desire to breach the security of a smartphone, bank card or national border.
Which brings us to the latest device in NXP's SmartMX2 range -- a piece of technology that is claimed to work very differently and that is expected to hit the market next year. Instead of a traditional key stored in the secure element's memory, every single copy of this chip carries a unique fingerprint within the physical structure of its transistors. This fingerprint (aka Physically Unclonable Function, or PUF) is a byproduct of tiny errors in the fabrication process -- something chip makers usually try to minimize. But NXP has found a way to amplify these flaws in a controlled way and use them for identification, and it'd take a mightily well-equipped criminal (or fare dodger, or Scrabble cheater) to reverse engineer that.
Filed under: Misc, Science, Mobile
Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/8nU4fjsjT-c/
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Sony PS4 event gets skewered in animated parody
Taiwanese animators Next Media Animation is taking the Sony PlayStation 4 event to task.
Sony announced its next-generation video game console at a press event in New York City, but the PS4 itself was a no-show.
Sony says that the PS4 features a PC-like body architecture, x86 CPU, enhanced PS GPU, 8 gigabytes of unified memory, local storage hard drive and an updated DualShock 4 controller.
The animation group created a video mocking the PS4 at Wednesday's press event. Sony treated members of the press to experience what using the next-generation console might feel like with live demonstrations, but did not actually show the video game console or hint at a price point.
Watch the video below. Parental discretion is advised for mild animated nudity and violence.
Source: http://feeds.cbsnews.com/~r/CBSNewsSciTech/~3/n4olUHXDubc/
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Bombou.com Wants To Showcase Your African Business - TechMoran
- By?TechMoran
- February 21, 2013
Read 1000 times!
Bumbou.com? was created two years ago by a young Senegalese based in the North of France. His site, open to global companies interested in the African market or targeting? the 54 African Countries.
?
Martin Diatta told TechMoran he launched the site after graduating with Master 2? degree in Global E-Business at the University of Lille 1 France.
He began the development of bumbou website from his dorm room, but later took an office in a french HUB called ??Ruche du Nord??? to work and develop bumbou.com with his team.
TechMoran caught up with Martin and below are his plans for Africa and global companies interested in Africa.
?
What problem do you solve?
Bumbou.com is Pan-African and gives more visibility to African businesses both in the continent and in the world. I noticed that? more and more African are on? Internet as individual person but not many companies. According to internetworldstats.com the Internet Penetration in Africa was about 15.6%? in 2012 . There are some business directories specific to each country, but Pan-African as bumbou.com there very are few. And most of the existing b2b directories are static website.
Bumbou is really in the era of? the Web 2.0. as it gives companies the possibility to manage their own profiles in French, English, Portuguese, Chinese, and soon Spanish.
?
How does it work?
Bumbou.com? platform is? a business directory. Companies can register on, create their own page and their presentation form according to their sectors and country. They can post selling or buying products? ads. The website presents another new chapter of jobs and internships destinated to Africa for recruiting companies and job or internship? seekers. The goal is for every member to create its identity through the platform to be visible both in Africa and globally. In this sense Bumbou.com is also a website for sharing experiences and correspondence between the different companies registered on site.
?
Take us through your features.
For the directory part, the? basic listing is free and open to everyone registered to have access to the information available on the website. Every member can see the detailed records of other members, and contact them by sending email through a form.
However, after the basic listing we offer a Premium Membership for members to be more visible in advertisements and other services offered are the top list in their countries and their activities.
?
The job part allows any registered member to see available job offers on the website and be able to apply directly from the platform. The candidates can also post their CV online. There is also a section that provides information on economic activity and investment facilities in African countries. Through Bumbou, we post news about fairs and exhibitions taking place on the African continent. We have a particular focus on issues like renewable energy, because it is an industry that can and should be a priority for any business that wants to expand in Africa.
?
How many merchants using the site so far?
There are currently more than 2,500 companies listed on www.bumbou.com. These companies are both African and global business interested in doing business in Africa.
?
What is your business model?
The business model is based on the premium account already mentioned that enables businesses subscribers to be more visible and post free ads. The second business model is based on the ads? purchase. The third is a banner ad that is directly? sold to businesses or organizations that wish to be more visible in Africa.
?
Any competition in any of the countries you are in?
Yes there are some b2b online directories in some African countries, but the strength of Bumbou.com is its Pan-africanism. If we combine the following set: functionality, simplicity, the numbers of users and languages, we can say that Bumbou.com is in the Top 3 of B2B online directories for Africa.
?
How unique are you from them?
- www.bumbou.com goes? the web 2.0? since the beginning because it allows companies themselves to manage their card, post their ads and make the necessary changes.
?
- www.bumbou.com ergonomics is simple, clear and functional in 4 languages: French, English, Portuguese and Chinese, and soon Spanish.
?
- www.bumbou.com gained notoriety on the web these last two years, we are very present in the social? professional networks. So, in a few years Bumbou.com? will be the reference in Africa in terms of online b2b.
?
- www.bumbou.com is carried by a hard worker and passionate man, Martin Diatta, who designs and defines the strategy and development of the website with his team. It also communicates a lot to promote this tool in Africa and worldwide.
?
Bombou founder Martin talks to TechMoran
Any Funding yet? How much? From who?
The first development was funded by Martin Diatta. But Bumbou.com had to move a bank loan and also got some help from French agencies and the Northern France Department. The amount expended during the past two years is about 20,000 euros. We always have a need for funding to develop Bumbou.com and pay future development.
?
Challenges?
Yes to become the market leader in Africa in two years! We want to be the number one of African online b2b.
?
?
Any upcoming developments, like this month, next month or in a few months?
Yes, we have a lot of ideas for future development specifically in the adaptation of payment system at the African members. For example, the possibility to pay on Bumbou.com via their mobile phone.
Read 1000 times!
Source: http://techmoran.com/2013/02/21/bombou-com-wants-to-showcase-your-african-business-to-the-world/
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Colorado Heats up with Dickey's Pit-Smoked ... - Franchising.com
Nation?s Largest Barbecue Franchise Opens New Location in Fort Collins
FORT COLLINS, Colo. - Feb. 20, 2013 - (BUSINESS WIRE) - Dickey?s Barbecue Pit will be opening its ninth Colorado location on Thursday, February 21 at 11 a.m., and the first 100 guests will receive a free Pulled Pork Big Barbecue sandwich. The nation?s largest BBQ franchise is opening its newest location in Midtown Commons, in the former Senor Camaron?s location in Fort Collins.
?People in Fort Collins are constantly on the go,? said franchise owner Brenda Black who owns and operates this location along with her husband/business partner Rex Schweers. ?We are excited to offer authentic barbecue that is slow smoked, but served fast to this great community.?
The couple is ecstatic to be opening the ninth Dickey?s in Colorado. Dickey?s other locations in the state include Colorado Springs, Centennial, Highlands Ranch and a location coming soon to Rifle.
?We were looking for a successful business venture to join,? said Black. ?Dickey?s was a perfect fit because of its impressive growth and family atmosphere.?
This new location is at 2721 South College Avenue and the store phone number is 970.797.2610. To stay current on this store and all its smokin? hot deals, visit Dickey?s Barbecue Pit - Fort Collins on Facebook.
About Dickey's Barbecue Restaurants
Dickey?s Barbecue was founded by Travis Dickey with the goal of authentic slow smoked barbecue. More than 70 years later, the Dallas-based family run barbecue franchise still offers a quality selection of signature meats, home style sides, tangy barbecue sauce and free kids meals every Sunday. All meats are slow smoked on site in each restaurant. The fast-casual family-friendly concept has expanded to over 280 locations in 43 states and holds the title of the world?s largest barbecue franchise. This year Nation?s Restaurant News named Dickey?s ?Top Five Growth Chains? and they were also named ?Best Franchise Deal? by QSR Magazine. For more information, visit Dickey?s or for barbecue franchise opportunities call (866) 340-6188.
Contact:
Dickey?s Barbecue
Kate Morganelli
972-248-9899
kmorganelli@dickeys.com
###
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Source: http://www.franchising.com/news/20130220_colorado_heats_up_with_dickeyrsquos_pitsmoked_barb.html
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Wednesday, February 20, 2013
Tougher competition awaits Woods at Match Play
A crowd watches as Tiger Woods practices on the eighth green for the Match Play Championship golf tournament, Tuesday, Feb. 19, 2013, in Marana, Ariz. (AP Photo/Julie Jacobson)
A crowd watches as Tiger Woods practices on the eighth green for the Match Play Championship golf tournament, Tuesday, Feb. 19, 2013, in Marana, Ariz. (AP Photo/Julie Jacobson)
Tiger Woods chips onto the second green during a practice round for the Match Play Championship golf tournament, Tuesday, Feb. 19, 2013, in Marana, Ariz. (AP Photo/Julie Jacobson)
Tiger Woods smiles during a news conference before playing a practice round for the Match Play Championship golf tournament, Tuesday, Feb. 19, 2013, in Marana, Ariz. (AP Photo/Julie Jacobson)
Tiger Woods tees off the first hole during a practice round for the Match Play Championship golf tournament, Tuesday, Feb. 19, 2013, in Marana, Ariz. (AP Photo/Julie Jacobson)
Rory McIlroy, of Northern Ireland, hits an approach shot off the 10th fairway during a practice round for the Match Play Golf Championship tournament, Tuesday, Feb. 19, 2013, in Marana, Ariz. (AP Photo/Julie Jacobson)
MARANA, Ariz. (AP) ? Tiger Woods should not expect his next match to be as easy as his last one.
For starters, President Barack Obama was his partner three days ago at The Floridian, which is not to suggest the president had to carry the 14-time major champion. Secondly, Woods won't be competing against a Houston businessman (Jim Crane) and outgoing U.S. Trade Representative (Ron Kirk), but Charles Howell III, who gave Woods fits as a teenager in the 1996 U.S. Amateur.
Woods is a three-time winner of the Match Play Championship who has a 33-9 record in this tournament alone.
And even he knows it won't be easy.
"The whole idea is just to beat one guy at a time," Woods said. "That's the thing. There are times where I've played well in matches and I've lost, and other times where I've played poorly and advanced. It's pot luck in these 18-hole sprints like this. As I said, it's imperative to get off to a quick start and get up on your opponent early. It's just so hard to come back in 18-hole matches, and hopefully, I can do that conceivably for all six."
It all starts Wednesday at Dove Mountain, the first World Golf Championship of the year.
Rory McIlroy is the No. 1 seed and will play Shane Lowry, a longtime friend and former partner on the Irish team that won the European Team Championships in 2007. In a similar match, former U.S. Open champion Graeme McDowell (Northern Ireland) plays three-time major champion Padraig Harrington (Ireland).
The toughest challenge might be the weather, with a front expected to move across the high desert overnight and bringing temperatures so low that light snow is possible. At best, it figures to be frigid for the morning matches as the sun is beginning to climb over The Ritz-Carlton Club at Dove Mountain.
"No one likes to play in adverse weather," said Ian Poulter, playing for first time since Hawaii, when the tournament took four days to start because of 40 mph wind.
Woods said he would be used to the wind and cold because that's what he dealt with in Florida with the president.
It was the second time Woods has played with a sitting U.S. president ? he once played with former President Bill Clinton at The Alotian Club in Arkansas.
"Playing with Mr. President was pretty cool," he said. "He's just a wonderful person to be around."
Woods doesn't use "Mr." with hardly anyone. In fact, he has a nickname for most people in golf. He'll shorten the surname ("Poults" for Poulter, "Stricks" for Steve Stricker) or simply add a "y'' to their name ("Rosey" for Justin Rose). And what name did he use for the leader of the free world?
"Partner," Woods said with a smile.
He sounded surprised to learn that Obama played left-handed, and when asked to describe the president's best shot, Woods said that "he hit a few."
"He's a pretty good athlete, and we all know he played a lot of hoops," Woods said. "He's a lefty, but to see him out there hitting shots ... he hit it well, and we didn't play under the easiest conditions. It was blowing harder than this, and it was a little bit cooler than this. So we played under some tough conditions, and as I said, he hit the ball well. He's got amazing touch. He can certainly chip and putt."
That's the key for anyone in match play.
Luke Donald has one of the best short games in golf, which explains why he won two years ago in the most dominant performance in the 14-year history of this event. Donald is the only player to have never reached the 18th hole in any of his matches.
As for the fickle nature of match play?
Donald didn't even make it out of the first round last year against Ernie Els.
Woods is coming off a four-shot win at Torrey Pines three weeks ago, after opening his 2013 season by missing the cut in Abu Dhabi.
He took an entire week off from golf, and then resumed practicing to get ready for a busy part of his schedule leading up to the Masters. This is the first of three straight tournaments for Woods, a stretch in which he would have a mathematical chance of going back to No. 1.
All 64 players in the field are so close in ability that there is no such thing as an upset in this event, not like a Grand Slam tennis event or the NCAA basketball tournament.
Howell is the No. 63 seed, though his stock has been improving. He began the year with three straight finishes in the top 10, which enabled him to go from outside the top 100 in the world and qualify for this elite tournament.
Woods and Howell were partners at the Presidents Cup for all four matches in 2003, and Woods used to practice with him when he lived in Orlando, Fla. They first squared off in the quarterfinals of the 1996 U.S. Amateur, which Woods won on his way to a record third straight title. Howell has made a lasting impression over the years.
"You'd see him out there on the range and the putting green just grinding away," Woods said. "His work ethic has never changed, never waned. He's out there working all the time. He's trying to get better. I admire guys who put in that kind of work. It's not easy to do, and he's implemented some swing changes over the years, but his tireless work ethic is something we all look up to."
No one has played fewer rounds this year than McIlroy and McDowell.
Wednesday will be only the third competitive round in three months for McIlroy, who missed the cut in Abu Dhabi and has not played since then. McDowell returned from his long winter break last week at Riviera and missed the cut by one shot.
"I don't feel like I'm a guy that needs to play his way into form," McIlroy said. "I think I just practice, and if I feel like I'm confident on the range and hitting it well and playing well in practice rounds, then that'll translate into shooting good scores on the course."
Scores aren't necessarily important at Dove Mountain. This week is only about having a better score than the opponent.
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(IBD) Obama Touts Gun Control, Not Gang Control, In Deadly Hometown Chicago Before Golf With Tiger Woods
Gun Control: On his way to a play date with the world's most famous? golfer, President Obama stops in America's most violent city to push universal? background checks that Chicago's violent street gangs will totally ignore.
Janay McFarlane, 18, was killed late Friday just hours after her younger? sister joined a group of teens onstage for President Obama's speech in Chicago? on gun violence.
McFarlane was shot to death hours after her little sister, Destini, 14, sat? just feet away as Obama spoke in the aftermath of the similar murder of Hadiya? Pendleton.
The 15-year-old Pendleton was gunned down in Chicago's Kenwood neighborhood,? a few blocks from the high school she attended and a few days after she? performed with her high school band at Obama's inauguration. The park where she? was killed is less than a mile from the president's Kenwood home.
Pendleton's death was one of more than 40 homicides in Chicago last month, a? total that made it the deadliest January in the city in more than a decade,? after more than 500 murders in 2012.
This carnage in the nation's most gun-controlled city in America has been? blamed by Mayor Rahm Emanuel and others on the flow of guns into Chicago from? elsewhere ? notably suburban gun shops.
They do not explain why the areas outside Chicago don't have anywhere near? Chicago's murder rate. The Windy City's murder rate of 15.65 per 100,000 people? looks nothing like America's overall 4.2, the Midwest's 4.5 or Illinois' 5.6? rates.
As the president noted in his speech, of Chicago's 2012 murder victims, 65 of? them were 18 and under.
"That's the equivalent of a Newtown every four months," he said. "That's? precisely why the overwhelming majority of Americans are asking for some common? sense proposals to make it harder for criminals to get their hands on a? gun."
Yet, speaking of common-sense proposals, in 1999 when a bill came up in the? Illinois Senate to charge anyone carrying out a firearm attack on school? property as an adult, a law that would have largely affected gang members, our? current president voted "present."
The fact is that up to 80% of Chicago's murders and shootings are? gang-related, according to police.
Read More At IBD:? http://news.investors.com/ibd-editorials/021913-644980-obamapushed-... Follow us: @IBDinvestors on Twitter | InvestorsBusinessDaily on Facebook
Source: http://tcotblog.ning.com/xn/detail/3164736%3ABlogPost%3A23789
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China's PLA controls hackers: US IT security firm
China's army controls some of the most prolific hackers in the world, according to a new report Tuesday by an Internet security firm that traced a host of cyberattacks to an anonymous building in Shanghai.
China's army controls some of the most prolific hackers in the world, according to a new report Tuesday by an Internet security firm that traced a host of cyberattacks to an anonymous building in Shanghai.
Mandiant said its hundreds of investigations over the past three years showed that groups hacking into US newspapers, government agencies, and companies "are based primarily in China and that the Chinese government is aware of them."
The report focused on one group, which it called "APT1" from the initials "Advanced Persistent Threat," which it said had stolen huge quantities of information and was targeting critical infrastructure such as the US energy grid.
"We believe that APT1 is able to wage such a long-running and extensive cyber espionage campaign in large part because it receives direct government support," Mandiant said.
The group was actually believed to be a branch of the People's Liberation Army, called Unit 61398, and digital signatures from its cyberattacks were traced back to a nondescript, 12-story building on the outskirts of Shanghai, the report said.
A series of brazen IT attacks on America's most high-profile media outlets, reported earlier this month by The New York Times and the Wall Street Journal, as well as on Twitter and others, have revived concerns over Chinese hackers.
The New York Times said hackers stole corporate passwords and accessed the personal computers of 53 employees after the newspaper published a report on the family fortune of China's Premier Wen Jiabao.
Clients including The New York Times have hired Mandiant to clean up their systems after cyberattacks blamed on Chinese hackers.
China has roundly rejected claims that it was behind the hacking attacks, with the official People's Daily newspaper hinting instead at ulterior motives by the US government.
(c) 2013 AFP
Source: http://phys.org/news280468702.html
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Tuesday, February 19, 2013
Photos: 3,500 couples exchange vows at mass wedding
APTOPIX South Korea Mass Wedding
Natalia Ladstaotter, from Austria, center, and her groom Colin Brouard, from England, left, cheer during a mass wedding ceremony at the CheongShim Peace World Center in Gapyeong, South Korea, Sunday, Feb. 17, 2013. Some 3,500 South Korean and foreign couples exchanged or reaffirmed marriage vows in the Unification Church's mass wedding arranged by Hak Ja Han Moon, the second wife of the late Rev. Sun Myung Moon, the controversial founder of the Unification Church. (AP Photo/Lee Jin-man)
Source: http://www.bakersfieldnow.com/news/offbeat/Photos--191609971.html
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MIT and US Army crafting uniforms with full-body fiberoptic sensors
Militaries want soldiers to carry an increasing amount of tech on to the battlefield, but that isn't necessarily convenient -- or comfortable. MIT and the US Army have started early work on uniforms with fiberoptic sensors that would alleviate much of that burden. By weaving in microfibers cut from a mix of specialized, fluidized materials, the partnership can build data links that cover the entire body without breaking or adding significant bulk. They could serve as basic elements of a communication system, but MIT has broader ambitions: the sensors could track wounds through heat signatures, and just might prevent friendly fire incidents by sending a don't-shoot signal when targeted with a laser sight. The fibers still have to get much thinner before the Army can offer smart uniforms as standard issue, but the wearable tech may keep soldiers nimble and, just possibly, save a few lives.
Filed under: Wearables
Via: Wired
Source: MIT
Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/JF9ztHXoOzE/
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Monday, February 18, 2013
The Deadly Opposition to Genetically Modified Food
Plant biotechnologist Dr. Swapan Datta inspects a genetically modified "golden rice" plant at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines in 2003. After a long delay, the rice, rich in Vitamin A, will finally be grown in that country.Photo by David Greedy/Getty Images.
Finally, after a 12-year delay caused by opponents of genetically modified foods, so-called ?golden rice? with vitamin A will be grown in the Philippines. Over those 12 years, about 8 million children worldwide died from vitamin A deficiency. Are anti-GM advocates not partly responsible?
Golden rice is the most prominent example in the global controversy over GM foods, which pits a technology with some risks but incredible potential against the resistance of feel-good campaigning. Three billion people depend on rice as their staple food, with 10 percent at risk for vitamin A deficiency, which, according to the World Health Organization, causes 250,000 to 500,000 children to go blind each year. Of these, half die within a year. A study from the British medical journal the Lancet estimates that, in total, vitamin A deficiency kills 668,000 children under the age of 5 each year.
Yet, despite the cost in human lives, anti-GM campaigners?from Greenpeace to Naomi Klein?have derided efforts to use golden rice to avoid vitamin A deficiency. In India, Vandana Shiva, an environmental activist and adviser to the government, called golden rice ?a hoax? that is ?creating hunger and malnutrition, not solving it.?
The New York Times Magazine reported in 2001 that one would need to ?eat 15 pounds of cooked golden rice a day? to get enough vitamin A. What was an exaggeration then is demonstrably wrong now. Two recent studies in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition show that just 50 grams (roughly two ounces) of golden rice can provide 60 percent of the recommended daily intake of vitamin A. They show that golden rice is even better than spinach in providing vitamin A to children.
Opponents maintain that there are better ways to deal with vitamin A deficiency. In its latest statement, Greenpeace says that golden rice is ?neither needed nor necessary,? and calls instead for supplementation and fortification, which are described as ?cost-effective.?
To be sure, handing out vitamin pills or adding vitamin A to staple products can make a difference. But it is not a sustainable solution to vitamin A deficiency. And, while it is cost-effective, recent published estimates indicate that golden rice is much more so.
Supplementation programs costs $4,300 for every life they save in India, whereas fortification programs cost about $2,700 for each life saved. Both are great deals. But golden rice would cost just $100 for every life saved from vitamin A deficiency.
Similarly, it is argued that golden rice will not be adopted, because most Asians eschew brown rice. But brown rice is substantially different in taste and spoils easily in hot climates. Moreover, many Asian dishes are already colored yellow with saffron, annatto, achiote, and turmeric. The people, not Greenpeace, should decide whether they will adopt vitamin A-rich rice for themselves and their children.
Most ironic is the self-fulfilling critique that many activists now use. Greenpeace calls golden rice a ?failure,? because it ?has been in development for almost 20 years and has still not made any impact on the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency.? But, as Ingo Potrykus, the scientist who developed golden rice, has made clear, that failure is due almost entirely to relentless opposition to GM foods?often by rich, well-meaning Westerners far removed from the risks of actual vitamin A deficiency.
Regulation of goods and services for public health clearly is a good idea; but it must always be balanced against potential costs?in this case, the cost of not providing more vitamin A to 8 million children during the past 12 years.
Source: http://feeds.slate.com/click.phdo?i=7eb16102c4f505dee3699678f81586d5
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M. Basketball. Clarendon Leads No. 6 California Past USC
Feb. 17, 2013
Notes
LOS ANGELES (AP) - Layshia Clarendon scored 22 points and No. 6 California held off a late Southern California rally to beat the Trojans 72-64 on Sunday.
After trailing by 13 points in the second half, the Trojans battled back to make it a close game. Clarendon 9 of 17 shots and added a late basket down the stretch to help close out the win.
Cassie Harberts' basket with 1:54 to play cut the lead to 63-59 but USC couldn't get any closer.
Clarendon had a three-point play and Gennifer Brandon, Avigel Cohen and Afure Jemerigbe added six free throws late to seal the win.
The Golden Bears (23-2, 13-1 Pac-12) remain tied for first-place in conference with Stanford, which defeated UCLA on Sunday.
Harberts led USC (8-17, 5-9) with 20 points and Ariya added 15 points.
Brittany Boyd scored 16 points and Jemerigbe added 11 points for the Golden Bears.
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Source: http://onlyfans.cstv.com/schools/cal/sports/m-baskbl/recaps/021713aaa.html
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Sunday, February 17, 2013
L2H6J1E4C1 posted an update: China net Beijing on March 12th news All-China Federation of industry and commerce, prior to [...]
China net Beijing on March 12th news All-China Federation of industry and commerce, prior to the three session of the eleven CPPCC National Committee submitted a ?on Further Strengthening the proposal city garbage disposal management and policy support,hollister.?.
the National Association of industry and commerce that, in 2009, factory for nearby residents were forced to stop running or hinder the construction of media event of continuous coverage of Jiangsu,air jordan, Guangdong Wujiang Panyu, Shenzhen Pinghu, waste incineration, caused great concern in garbage disposal of society.
China?s rapid advance of the process of city garbage output is growing explosively, has brought unprecedented challenges to the city environmental management.At the same time, a considerable part of the city limited economic and technical conditions, the city garbage basically do not deal with,hollister online shop, caused the garbage siege phenomenon becomes more and more serious, also caused the groundwater and surface water pollution,moncler, a serious threat to the city development and people?s life.According to statistics, at present, our country produces every year nearly 1.5 tons of city garbage, and garbage treatment rate of only about 50%, truly meet the harmless processing requirements of the rate may be lower.
garbage treatment goal is to achieve the reduction, recycling and harmless.At present, the commonly used method has three kinds: comprehensive treatment of landfill, incineration, (compost).From the garbage disposal at present all over the country selection, is gradually being replaced landfill, incineration and integrated treatment.Overall, garbage disposal of city of our country is still very backward, and caused serious pollution to the environment.Mainly manifests in the following several aspects:
, waste management needs to be strengthened.City life garbage in the kitchen garbage, plastic and paper, water content, low calorific value, directly caused by incineration processing difficulties, the two serious pollution.Although countries in some parts of the pilot implementation of garbage collection source, but the classification standards are not unified, facilities are not complete,hollister, classified collection is not only quality problem, the classification of garbage collection pilot difficult.
two, the existing waste disposal facilities overload operation, pollution problems.Taking Beijing city as an example, Chaoyang District Gaoantun landfill original design treatment capacity is 1000 tons per day, but since 2008,doudoune moncler, handling capacity of Gaoantun landfill to reach 3400-3700 tons per day,abercrombie, nearly 4 times the overload,abercrombie.
three, garbage incineration plant construction progress is slow, difficult, difficult to achieve ?comprehensive integrated treatment plant",abercrombie and fitch;.Because of strong opposition from the site surrounding the design, construction and operation of refuse incineration plant is very slow.The Jiangsu Wujiang, Guangdong Panyu, Shenzhen Pinghu, the case is a good example of.Domestic waste comprehensive treatment plant is most cannot implement process,hollister, determine the process is due to various reasons, it is difficult to achieve the desired effect.
four, garbage disposal fees and price subsidy policy is not in place, generally the loss-making enterprises waste incineration, not the normal operation,air jordan pas cher.Mainly from the garbage disposal fees waste incineration business income (garbage fees) and garbage power generation subsidy,abercrombie uk.Service fee by the government according to the local financial situation and business negotiation, in the state did not make garbage disposal fees Guidance standard, differences between the service fee level around the large and generally low.Along with our country to waste incineration two? The material discharge standard is raised from 1TEQng/m3 to 0.1TEQng/m3, a ton of refuse to pay more than activated carbon costs 20-60 yuan processing enterprises, but the relevant government subsidies are not in place.
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Penn State adds Southern connections with new defensive backs coach Anthony Midget
York, PA -
The Nittany Lions appear to have gotten more than an up-and-coming defensive backs coach in Anthony Midget.
They pulled in yet another Southern recruiter, too.
And that works well with head coach Bill O'Brien's plan to forge a more significant Penn State presence in Florida, Georgia, Alabama and the Carolinas.
Penn State announced Thursday that Midget, 35, will coach safeties for the Lions while newly promoted defensive coordinator John Butler will continue to coach cornerbacks.
Midget was an third-team All-American cornerback at Virginia Tech and helped lead the Hokies to the 1999 BCS title game. The Dean's List student was selected to the Big East All-Academic Team before being drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the fifth round.
The Florida native went on to coach four years of high school football in Lake Worth, Fla., rising to assistant head coach. He returned to Virginia Tech in 2007 before helping Bill Curry launch Georgia State's new program, where he eventually was promoted to defensive coordinator.
"Anthony will be a great addition to our staff," O'Brien said in a prepared statement. "He is an experienced and passionate defensive coach and recruiter."
Several members of O'Brien's new staff have ties to the South, including offensive line coach Mac McWhorter, quarterbacks coach Charlie Fisher and receivers coach Stan Hixon.
Getting another young coach with experience in the recruiting-rich South seemed imperative for O'Brien. He had just lost his original defensive coordinator, Ted Roof, who took a job at alma mater Georgia Tech.
O'Brien coached at Duke and Georgia Tech, as well.
@YDRPennState; 771-2104
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Saturday, February 16, 2013
Apple Beware, Samsung Plans Smartwatch Too
Apple iWatch Vs. Smartwatches Past And Present
(click image for larger view and for slideshow) Apple and Samsung may extend their smartphone and tablet battle to the wrist. New images have appeared online that are believed to be screenshots of the Samsung Altius, a smartwatch that will arrive later this year. The Altius could go head-to-head with Apple's own iWatch. Have the smartwatch wars begun?The Altius screenshots leaked less than a week after both The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal ran articles suggesting that Apple -- Samsung's main competitor in a variety of markets -- is working on a wearable product, probably a watch.
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More >>The Times and Journal report that Apple has been working with Foxconn, its manufacturing partner, on the watch. Other than "curved glass" and "iOS," there's not much to go on. Apple has hired people -- some suggest as many as 100 engineers -- who have backgrounds in sensors and related technology.
[ InformationWeek's Thomas Claburn asks whether adding a processor and wristband to an iPod Nano form factor makes sense. For his take, see Apple iWatch: 7 Reasons It Won't Fly. ]
The leaked screenshots from Samsung are at least something to look at. What do they tell us?
The user interface shown in the images is stark, mostly black-and-white. It has a Holo-esque look, which is the design language used by Android 4 and up. Given Samsung's tight ties with Google, it's unlikely that the Altius would run anything other than Android, but it would also be premature to discount Samsung's own Bada or Tizen platforms. Most of the text on the screens is in Korean, but translations point to ties with Korean wireless network operators. This suggests cellular wireless radios may be onboard.
Based on what's visible in the screenshots, the Altius would of course include a watch screen in addition to a media player, mapping of some sort and messaging notifications. The way some of the icons run off the right edge of the screenshots suggest a touch-based user interface that would allow owners to scroll sideways to access more information.
The screenshots measure 500 x 500 pixels, but there are no indications how big the screen of the Altius might be. By way of comparison, the Motorola MOTOACTV smartwatch has a 1.6-inch display with 176 x 220 pixels. The Sony SmartWatch has an OLED display that measures 1.3 inches and packs 128 x 128 pixels. It is unlikely the 500 x 500 pixel measurements are indicative of what the final resolution will be, unless Samsung is planning to offer a watch with a massive screen.
For now, neither the Apple iWatch nor the Samsung Altius are real products. Neither company has confirmed plans to work on such devices. It is entirely possible that they are, but until such a time as they get around to announcing them, the iWatch and Altius will remain the stuff of sci-fi dreams.
Source: http://feeds.informationweek.com/click.phdo?i=421c446de6907295c0efc98e7a2b6294
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Steve Rosenbaum: Stanfords VR Lab Offers Wild Glimpse of the Future
The thing about virtual reality is that it's kind of been around a bit too long. Remember when second life was so darn hot? Well, that was a long time ago.
So, when I was invited to explore the Stanford Human/Virtual Reality Lab, I have to say I was ready to be underwhelmed. The lab is the work of professor Jeremy Bailenson -- and one thing is clear right away, he's spent a ton of Stanford's money on the lab. The Lab's mission is "...to understand the dynamics and implications of interactions among people in immersive virtual reality simulations and other forms of human digital representations in media, communication systems, and games." Which is fancy talk for a simple goal, to explore just where VR might actually make a real difference in our world.
Entering the lab, the first thing you think is, "so, this is it?" There's not much to see except a worn-looking blue-gray carpet, a stack of computer equipment and a weird looking helmet attached to a fat electronic umbilical cord. Moments later, I'm wearing the helmet, a $45,000 helmet I'm told, and from inside, I'm seeing the same bland boring room. Only, it's the computer's digital construction of the room. There's the click of a switch -- and I'm standing on an empty street in a virtual city, with tall buildings around me. I point my arms toward the air and "Woosh..." I'm flying. Dang. I'm flying in the air! The room has speakers all around, so I can hear the air rushing by. The floor has haptic sensors that shudder with a thud when I land.
In the course of a half hour, the folks I'm with are flying, swimming in a virtual ocean, and walking across a virtual pit. Exhilarating, terrifying, awe-inspiring. Extraordinary experiences - and each of them in their own way very much real. But the truth is, this is the tip of the iceberg. Games and VR are things you can experience with what is now commercial VR games and platforms. Maybe not at this level, but VR is out in the mainstream. Bailenson's goal is to explore the social, and interpersonal impact of VR - and in that, he's breaking some very new ground. Bailenson's lab studies the social mechanics of virtual existence. In it, identity is endlessly morphing - and the nature of interaction is up for grabs.
Says Bailenson "In the past, VR [virtual reality] has always been this amazing toy that someone has in their garage, and in the last five years what we started to see is that this stuff is no longer science fiction.How is this changing who we are as humans? How is that affecting the human identity?"
He tests how we interact with non-human avatars, finding how powerful, and creepy, eye contact can be.
For example, in the real world, making eye contact makes you more convincing, but you can only look one person in the eye at a time. In his VR lab, a cyber-you can connect with direct eye contact to multiple other people. The result is a more convincing conversation. And these revelations go further, copying another person's head movements after a four-second delay makes them much more likely to agree with you, the lab discovered.
They're testing how all kinds of ways we interact, and who we interact with impacts the way we behave. From talking with a older version of ourselves, to having advertisements that are automatically populated with characters that mimic some of our physical characteristics to sell us soda or clothes.
In one of the demonstrations that is the most remarkable, and shocking, Bailenson shows how he can take a picture of a person, and render a 3D lifelike avatar in just a few minutes. The idea that someone can have a virtual me out in the world quickly, and without my permission, keeps me up nights thinking about a whole new kind of identity theft.
The powerful realization you find yourself facing after an hour in Bailenson's VR lab is that the digital self can have "superpowers" the real you does not. And the behaviors that trigger us to feel fear, or trust, or empathy can now be constructed in virtual worlds. And it's clear they will be.
Bailenson isn't your conventional computer nerd. His background is in cognitive psychology at the University of Michigan and Northwestern University. And he says his work is inspired by novelists like William Gibson and Neal Stephenson, whose cyberpunk fantasies he read while an undergrad.
And watching the experiments taking place in the lab, you can see the coming together of science fiction and technology. There's one project, where your face is actually placed inside an ad that is trying to sell you something, or even more strangely, your facial characteristics are partially morphed on the face of the virtual pitchman (or woman). How will you react when someone who looks and sounds a lot like you is trying to sell you something? If this sounds familiar, it should -- it's right out of the piece of fiction written by Philip K. Dick that was turned into the movie Minority Report.
The VR Lab at Stanford is doing far more than building neat helmets or VR worlds. As they explain it they are "using empirical, behavioral science methodologies to explore people as they interact in these digital worlds."
And one thing is absolutely clear, Virtual Reality at this level isn't going to stay in the labs much longer.
Currently the Lab's $45k headset is the best in the world, but a commercial product called the Oculus Rift has already raised 2.5 million dollars after seeking just $250,000, clearly paving the way for a low cost, high quality VR headset that will bring virtual worlds to the average computer user in the near future.
(photo credit Rick Smolan)
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Follow Steve Rosenbaum on Twitter: www.twitter.com/magnify
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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-rosenbaum/stanfords-vr-lab-offers-w_b_2701782.html
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Secretary?s Column: A Magnet for Jobs
This week, in his State of the Union Address, President Obama laid out his plan to make America a magnet for jobs in the generations to come, and further strengthen the middle class.?? He stressed that in the wealthiest nation on earth, we must build up ladders of opportunity ? to ensure that folks who work hard and play by the rules have a chance to get ahead.
The values the President spoke of in his address are shared by many across rural America. Our farmers, ranchers, rural businesses and families are committed to the value of hard work.? They agree that we owe today?s young people the opportunity to get ahead. They know that we must continue working to alleviate rural poverty to build up the middle class across our nation.
The President?s first priority is to make America a magnet for jobs ? and when it comes to job creation, there?s no place like rural America.
Our farmers and ranchers support one in 12 American jobs today, with unlimited potential in the years ahead as we grow and export more. Exports of quality U.S. agricultural products already support more than a million jobs here at home, and USDA will continue working with the President to open new markets for U.S. agriculture in Europe, Asia and around the world.
Homegrown energy already supports hundreds of thousands of rural jobs. We?ll need rural America to lead the way in meeting the President?s goal to further cut reliance on foreign oil, while doubling renewable energy production in America once again. President Obama has proposed a new ?Energy Security Trust? that will enable additional research of advanced technologies, including homegrown biofuels, to reduce our dependence on foreign oil.
The manufacturing jobs of the future aren?t just in our cities.? Rural companies are leading the way to produce thousands of amazing new biobased products.? There is unlimited opportunity for rural America to produce even more of these products from homegrown sources, creating millions of jobs in the process.
And if we are to undertake a unified effort to rebuild the nation?s aging infrastructure, which President Obama proposed this week, we?ll need folks across rural America to help get the job done.
All of us are blessed to call this nation home, and President Obama knows that together we can achieve even more.? Rural America can lead the way, making sure that America leads the world in job creation, while building up new ladders of opportunity for the next generation.
For an audio version of this message, click here.
Source: http://blogs.usda.gov/2013/02/15/secretarys-column-a-magnet-for-jobs/
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Thursday, February 14, 2013
Security experts say zombie TV warning exposes flaws
(Reuters) - The zombie attack alert issued on a handful of U.S. TV stations this week is more serious than a mischievous hacker prank say cyber experts, who warn the incident exposes lax security practices in a critical public safety system.
While broadcasters said poor password security paved the way for the bogus warning, security experts said the equipment used by the Emergency Alert System remained vulnerable when stations allow it be accessed via the public Internet.
The fear is that hackers could prevent the government from sending out public warnings during an emergency or attackers could conduct a more damaging hoax than a warning of a zombie apocalypse.
"It isn't what they said. It is the fact that they got into the system. They could have caused some real damage," said Karole White, president of the Michigan Association of Broadcasters.
Following the attacks on Monday, broadcasters were ordered to change the passwords for the EAS equipment.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) would not comment on the attacks, but in an urgent advisory sent to television stations on Tuesday said: "All EAS participants are required to take immediate action."
It instructed them to change passwords on equipment from all manufacturers used to deliver emergency broadcasts. The FCC instructed them to ensure gear was properly secured behind firewalls and to inspect systems to ensure that hackers had not queued "unauthorized alerts" for future transmission.
VULNERABLE
The attacks come after warnings by government officials and outside security experts that the United States is at risk of a cyber attack that could cause major physical damage or even cost lives. President Barack Obama told Congress on Tuesday that some hackers were looking for ways to attack the U.S. power grid, banks and air traffic control systems.
White and her counterpart in Montana, Greg MacDonald, said they believed the hackers were able to get in because TV stations had not changed the default passwords they used when the equipment was first shipped from the manufacturer.
But Mike Davis, a hardware security expert with a firm known as IOActive Labs, said hackers could still get past new passwords to remotely access the systems.
Davis said he had submitted a report to the Department of Homeland Security's U.S. Computer Emergency Readiness Team, or US-CERT, about a month ago that detailed the security flaws.
"Changing passwords is insufficient to prevent unauthorized remote login. There are still multiple undisclosed authentication bypasses," he told Reuters via email. "I would recommend disconnecting them from the network until a fix is available."
Davis said he was able to use Google Inc's search engine to identify some 30 systems that he believed were vulnerable to attack as of Wednesday morning.
Privately held Monroe Electronics, whose equipment was compromised in Monday's attacks, said it was still evaluating the risks.
"The situation appears to just be the password stuff, but we are looking at anything else and everything that might come into play," Vice President Bill Robertson told Reuters.
A spokesman for US-CERT said he could not immediately comment on the matter.
'BODIES ARE RISING'
The zombie hackers targeted two stations in Michigan, and several in California, Montana and New Mexico, White said.
A male voice addressed viewers in a video posted on the Internet of the bogus warning broadcast from KRTV, a CBS affiliate based in Great Falls, Montana: "Civil authorities in your area have reported that the bodies of the dead are rising from the grave and attacking the living."
The voice warned not "to approach or apprehend these bodies as they are extremely dangerous."
Stuart McClure, chief executive of cyber security firm Cylance Inc, said he had investigated cases in which hackers accessed EAS systems via a different method: breaking into hidden accounts built into the systems by manufacturers so that service technicians can easily access them for repairs.
"You cannot give a separate pass code to everybody. Nobody is going to remember it. You have to share the secret," said McClure, who previously ran a unit at Intel Corp's McAfee security division that investigated cyber attacks.
Electronics industry experts said that it is tough for some broadcasters to follow all security guidelines because staff at small stations lack the expertise to do so.
The equipment that was compromised obtains emergency broadcasts by frequently using the Internet to make outward calls to trusted government servers. When it finds an alert on one of those servers, it broadcasts it on that station.
Monroe Electronics said its gear is designed to let stations make outgoing queries, but still keep outsiders from getting in. It recommends against unsecured access to the Internet. "It's the wild, wild West," said Robertson.
He said the equipment sometimes gets exposed to the open Internet because it is not properly configured or because engineers want remote access when they are on call.
Robertson said the company was working to beef up security on the equipment and might update its software to compel customers to change default passwords.
Federal Emergency Management Agency spokesman Dan Watson said that the zombie breach did not have any impact on the government's ability to activate the Emergency Alert System.
(Editing by Lisa Shumaker, Patrick Graham, Bernadette Baum and Tim Dobbyn)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/zombie-hoax-blamed-lax-passwords-u-broadcasters-045823499--sector.html
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Syria: Ex-spokesman speaks after disappearance
BEIRUT (AP) ? Syria's former Foreign Ministry spokesman has made his first comments since disappearing in December, saying he left Syria because "of the polarization and violence that left no place for moderation and diplomacy."
Jihad Makdissi says in a statement sent to the Abu-Dhabi-based Sky News Arabia that he did not go to Europe or the U.S. after he left.
Makdissi was known for defending the regime of President Bashar Assad in fluent English.
On Dec. 3, Lebanese security officials said Makdissi flew from Beirut to London. But it was not immediately clear whether he had defected.
After Sky News Arabia posted the letter on Wednesday, Makdissi posted his first tweet since Nov. 25, saying "I confirm authenticity of the Press Release issued today."
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/syria-ex-spokesman-speaks-disappearance-144626639.html
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Animal model of human evolution indicates thick hair mutation emerged 30,000 years ago
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Public release date: 14-Feb-2013[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Clare Ryan
clare.ryan@ucl.ac.uk
44-020-310-83846
University College London
The first animal model of recent human evolution reveals that a single mutation produced several traits common in East Asian peoples, from thicker hair to denser sweat glands, an international team of researchers report.
The team, led by researchers from Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Fudan University and University College London, also modeled the spread of the gene mutation across Asia and North America, concluding that it most likely arose about 30,000 years ago in what is today central China.
The findings are reported in the cover story of the 14 February issue of Cell.
"There are three parts to this study" said Professor Mark Thomas, UCL Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and an author on the paper.
"The first links the version of the EDAR gene common in East Asians to a set of traits including thicker hair and a higher density of sweat glands; the second uses computer simulation to identify where and when the mutation is likely to have arisen, and what its selective advantage was likely to be; and the third showed that when the East Asian version of the gene is inserted into a mouse, that mouse exhibited many of the same traits as those it is linked with in humans".
Previous research in Pardis Sabeti's lab at Harvard University had identified the mutation as a strong candidate for positive selection. That is, evidence within the genetic code suggested the mutant gene conferred an evolutionary advantage, though what advantage was unclear.
The mutation was found in a gene for ectodysplasin receptor, or EDAR, part of a signalling pathway known to play a key role in the development of hair, sweat glands and other skin features. While human populations in Africa and Europe had one, ancestral, version of the gene, most East Asians had a derived variant, EDARV370A, which studies had linked to thicker scalp hair and an altered tooth shape in humans.
The ectodysplasin pathway is highly conserved across vertebrates the same genes do similar things in humans and mice and zebrafish. For that reason, and because its effects on skin, hair and scales can be observed directly, it is widely studied.
This evolutionary conservation led Yana Kamberov, one of two first authors to reason that EDARV370A would exert similar biological effects in an animal model as in humans. Kamberov developed a mouse model with the exact mutation of EDARV370A a difference of one DNA letter from the original, or wild-type, population. That mouse manifested thicker hair, more densely branched mammary glands and an increased number of sweat glands.
"This not only directly pointed us to the subset of organs and tissues that were sensitive to the mutation, but also gave us the key biological evidence that EDARV370A could have been acted on by natural selection," said Kamberov.
The findings prompted the team to look for similar traits in human populations. When co-first author Sijia Wang and the team including collaborators at Fudan University examined the fingertips of Chinese volunteers at colleges and farming villages, they found that the sweat glands of Han Chinese, who carry the derived variant of the gene, were packed about 15 percent more densely than those of a control population with the ancestral variant.
At the same time, collaborators at UCL were working to zero in on when and where the mutation arose.
Computer models suggest that the derived variant of the gene emerged in central China between 13,175 and 39,575 years ago, with a modal (most likely) estimate of 30,925 years.
Researchers concluded the derived variant is at least 15,000 years old, predating the migration from Asia by Native Americans, who also carry the mutation.
That time span suggests that different traits could have been under selection at different times. The mutation's many effects only complicate the question. If changes to the sweat glands conferred an advantage in new climates one of the theories the researchers plan to explore further changes to hair and to mammary glands could have conferred other advantages at other times.
Professor Thomas said: "We don't know which of the many traits were advantageous in the past. It is easy to imagine that thicker hair, tooth shape, more sweat glands or some other associated skin features could have increased fitness, but for quite different reasons."
Dr Pascale Gerbault, a PhD student in Professor Thomas's group, and co-author of the paper said: "What seems unlikely is that the same traits were advantageous throughout the whole of the last 30,000 years; prior to 10,000 years ago the climate was cold and highly variable, but for the last 10,000 years it has been much warmer and relatively stable."
She added: "So perhaps one trait was favoured when it was colder and another when it became warmer. Maybe one of the less visible traits was selected early on, leading to a rise in the frequency of a more visible trait like thicker hair, which was later selected as a cultural preference."
Sijia Wang a former UCL PhD student intends to focus on that question in his new role, as a Max Planck independent research group leader in dermatogenomics at Chinese Academy of Sciences Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology in Shanghai.
By leveraging the power of diverse fields, the team is piecing together the foundation for understanding how selected mutations like EDARV370A have impacted human diversity. But, the authors say, this is only the beginning.
"These findings point to what mutations, when, where and how," said Daniel Lieberman, a professor of human evolutionary biology at Harvard University and a co-senior author on the study. "We still want to know why."
###
Contacts
Mark Thomas, UCL Professor of Evolutionary Genetics
m.thomas@ucl.ac.uk
+44 (0) 207 679 2286
+44 (0) 7973 725955
Clare Ryan, UCL Media Relations
clare.ryan@ucl.ac.uk
+44 (0)203 108 3846
+44 (0)7747 565056
David Cameron, Harvard Medical School
david_cameron@hms.harvard.edu
+1 617.432.0441
Notes for Editors
1. 'Modeling Recent Human Evolution in Mice by Expression of a Selected EDAR Variant' is published in the journal Cell on 14 February. Copies of the paper are available from UCL Media Relations.
2. The research was funded by the Harvard University Science and Engineering Committee Seed Fund for Interdisciplinary Science; NIH grants R37 HD032443 and R37 054364; NIH Innovator Award 1DP2OD006514-01; NIAMS BIRT Award AR055256-04S1; the Packard Foundation; the American School of Prehistoric Research; NSFC 30890034; MOST 2011BAI09B00; MOH 201002007; AXA Research Fund; and an EU Marie Curie FP7 Framework Programme grant LeCHE, Grant ref: 215362-2.
3. Senior authors of the paper: Li Jin, Vice President, Fudan University, Daniel Lieberman, Professor of Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, Bruce Morgan, HMS Associate Professor of Dermatology at Massachusetts General Hospital, Pardis Sabeti, associate professor in the Center for Systems Biology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, Cliff Tabin, Head of the HMS Department of Genetics, Mark Thomas, Professor of Evolutionary Genetics at University College London
About UCL (University College London)
Founded in 1826, UCL was the first English university established after Oxford and Cambridge, the first to admit students regardless of race, class, religion or gender and the first to provide systematic teaching of law, architecture and medicine.
We are among the world's top universities, as reflected by our performance in a range of international rankings and tables. According to the Thomson Scientific Citation Index, UCL is the second most highly cited European university and the 15th most highly cited in the world.
UCL has nearly 25,000 students from 150 countries and more than 9,000 employees, of whom one third are from outside the UK. The university is based in Bloomsbury in the heart of London, but also has two international campuses UCL Australia and UCL Qatar. Our annual income is more than 800 million.
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Public release date: 14-Feb-2013[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Clare Ryan
clare.ryan@ucl.ac.uk
44-020-310-83846
University College London
The first animal model of recent human evolution reveals that a single mutation produced several traits common in East Asian peoples, from thicker hair to denser sweat glands, an international team of researchers report.
The team, led by researchers from Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Fudan University and University College London, also modeled the spread of the gene mutation across Asia and North America, concluding that it most likely arose about 30,000 years ago in what is today central China.
The findings are reported in the cover story of the 14 February issue of Cell.
"There are three parts to this study" said Professor Mark Thomas, UCL Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and an author on the paper.
"The first links the version of the EDAR gene common in East Asians to a set of traits including thicker hair and a higher density of sweat glands; the second uses computer simulation to identify where and when the mutation is likely to have arisen, and what its selective advantage was likely to be; and the third showed that when the East Asian version of the gene is inserted into a mouse, that mouse exhibited many of the same traits as those it is linked with in humans".
Previous research in Pardis Sabeti's lab at Harvard University had identified the mutation as a strong candidate for positive selection. That is, evidence within the genetic code suggested the mutant gene conferred an evolutionary advantage, though what advantage was unclear.
The mutation was found in a gene for ectodysplasin receptor, or EDAR, part of a signalling pathway known to play a key role in the development of hair, sweat glands and other skin features. While human populations in Africa and Europe had one, ancestral, version of the gene, most East Asians had a derived variant, EDARV370A, which studies had linked to thicker scalp hair and an altered tooth shape in humans.
The ectodysplasin pathway is highly conserved across vertebrates the same genes do similar things in humans and mice and zebrafish. For that reason, and because its effects on skin, hair and scales can be observed directly, it is widely studied.
This evolutionary conservation led Yana Kamberov, one of two first authors to reason that EDARV370A would exert similar biological effects in an animal model as in humans. Kamberov developed a mouse model with the exact mutation of EDARV370A a difference of one DNA letter from the original, or wild-type, population. That mouse manifested thicker hair, more densely branched mammary glands and an increased number of sweat glands.
"This not only directly pointed us to the subset of organs and tissues that were sensitive to the mutation, but also gave us the key biological evidence that EDARV370A could have been acted on by natural selection," said Kamberov.
The findings prompted the team to look for similar traits in human populations. When co-first author Sijia Wang and the team including collaborators at Fudan University examined the fingertips of Chinese volunteers at colleges and farming villages, they found that the sweat glands of Han Chinese, who carry the derived variant of the gene, were packed about 15 percent more densely than those of a control population with the ancestral variant.
At the same time, collaborators at UCL were working to zero in on when and where the mutation arose.
Computer models suggest that the derived variant of the gene emerged in central China between 13,175 and 39,575 years ago, with a modal (most likely) estimate of 30,925 years.
Researchers concluded the derived variant is at least 15,000 years old, predating the migration from Asia by Native Americans, who also carry the mutation.
That time span suggests that different traits could have been under selection at different times. The mutation's many effects only complicate the question. If changes to the sweat glands conferred an advantage in new climates one of the theories the researchers plan to explore further changes to hair and to mammary glands could have conferred other advantages at other times.
Professor Thomas said: "We don't know which of the many traits were advantageous in the past. It is easy to imagine that thicker hair, tooth shape, more sweat glands or some other associated skin features could have increased fitness, but for quite different reasons."
Dr Pascale Gerbault, a PhD student in Professor Thomas's group, and co-author of the paper said: "What seems unlikely is that the same traits were advantageous throughout the whole of the last 30,000 years; prior to 10,000 years ago the climate was cold and highly variable, but for the last 10,000 years it has been much warmer and relatively stable."
She added: "So perhaps one trait was favoured when it was colder and another when it became warmer. Maybe one of the less visible traits was selected early on, leading to a rise in the frequency of a more visible trait like thicker hair, which was later selected as a cultural preference."
Sijia Wang a former UCL PhD student intends to focus on that question in his new role, as a Max Planck independent research group leader in dermatogenomics at Chinese Academy of Sciences Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology in Shanghai.
By leveraging the power of diverse fields, the team is piecing together the foundation for understanding how selected mutations like EDARV370A have impacted human diversity. But, the authors say, this is only the beginning.
"These findings point to what mutations, when, where and how," said Daniel Lieberman, a professor of human evolutionary biology at Harvard University and a co-senior author on the study. "We still want to know why."
###
Contacts
Mark Thomas, UCL Professor of Evolutionary Genetics
m.thomas@ucl.ac.uk
+44 (0) 207 679 2286
+44 (0) 7973 725955
Clare Ryan, UCL Media Relations
clare.ryan@ucl.ac.uk
+44 (0)203 108 3846
+44 (0)7747 565056
David Cameron, Harvard Medical School
david_cameron@hms.harvard.edu
+1 617.432.0441
Notes for Editors
1. 'Modeling Recent Human Evolution in Mice by Expression of a Selected EDAR Variant' is published in the journal Cell on 14 February. Copies of the paper are available from UCL Media Relations.
2. The research was funded by the Harvard University Science and Engineering Committee Seed Fund for Interdisciplinary Science; NIH grants R37 HD032443 and R37 054364; NIH Innovator Award 1DP2OD006514-01; NIAMS BIRT Award AR055256-04S1; the Packard Foundation; the American School of Prehistoric Research; NSFC 30890034; MOST 2011BAI09B00; MOH 201002007; AXA Research Fund; and an EU Marie Curie FP7 Framework Programme grant LeCHE, Grant ref: 215362-2.
3. Senior authors of the paper: Li Jin, Vice President, Fudan University, Daniel Lieberman, Professor of Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, Bruce Morgan, HMS Associate Professor of Dermatology at Massachusetts General Hospital, Pardis Sabeti, associate professor in the Center for Systems Biology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, Cliff Tabin, Head of the HMS Department of Genetics, Mark Thomas, Professor of Evolutionary Genetics at University College London
About UCL (University College London)
Founded in 1826, UCL was the first English university established after Oxford and Cambridge, the first to admit students regardless of race, class, religion or gender and the first to provide systematic teaching of law, architecture and medicine.
We are among the world's top universities, as reflected by our performance in a range of international rankings and tables. According to the Thomson Scientific Citation Index, UCL is the second most highly cited European university and the 15th most highly cited in the world.
UCL has nearly 25,000 students from 150 countries and more than 9,000 employees, of whom one third are from outside the UK. The university is based in Bloomsbury in the heart of London, but also has two international campuses UCL Australia and UCL Qatar. Our annual income is more than 800 million.
www.ucl.ac.uk | Follow us on Twitter @uclnews | Watch our YouTube channel YouTube.com/UCLTV
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-02/ucl-amo021413.php
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